So, how exactly does
the voice work?
Well, as we inhale, the diaphragm muscle contracts causing
the lungs to expand and air to be drawn into the lungs. As we exhale, the
diaphragm will relax and move upward reducing the size of the lungs and causing
air to be expelled from the lungs.
This exhaled breath is then forced out along the trachea, and through the vocal
folds, which are capable of vibrating at an incredibly fast rate. For voice to
exist at all, the vocal folds must vibrate and it is at this point that the
vibration of the vocal folds, coupled with the power of the exhaling breath
gives rise to the creation of vocal sound.
This sound is then shaped by the manipulation of the various structures along
the vocal tract, such as the position of the tongue, and the larynx, etc. The
articulators are the cheeks, tongue, teeth and lips and they all contribute to
vocal articulation, whereas the sinus, chest, laryngeal and pharyngeal cavities
all act as resonating chambers for the voice.
It is through the repetition of exercises, designed specifically to
strengthen the larynx and the diaphragm, that the voice is trained. The singer
is able to control the muscles in the diaphragm and the vocal tract
resulting in increased quality of vocal tone and more power of vocal
projection.
The Vocal Folds
Sound occurs as a result of vibration. This is true
throughout all of Nature and is evident in a myriad of different forms. The
human voice is no exception.
We have all heard of the term “vocal chords”. Current pedagogy, however,
describes them as Vocal Folds, due to the malleable nature of their ligament-like
structure.
The vocal folds attach to the front of the larynx at the Adam’s Apple (or
thyroid cartilage) - and at the rear of the larynx, via the arytenoids, to the
cricoid cartilage. Here the folds can come together and move apart, allowing
for breathing and sound production.
The Larynx
The primary function of the larynx is to protect the airways
and stop food entering into the lungs. The larynx itself is protected in the
neck by an increase in muscle, cartilage and bone. The provision of sound is a
secondary function of the vocal folds.
The vocal and vestibular folds close during the acts of swallowing, coughing,
excreting, giving birth and when pushing or lifting heavy objects etc. This
closing is called constriction.
As we can see here, the vocal folds are suspended over
the open space of the trachea, where they act as a sort of portal, through
which all the air that comes into and goes out from the body must pass. We can
also see the vestibular or false vocal folds which sit just above the delicate
vocal folds, protecting them from damage through strain and swallowing. This is
where constriction of the voice and the optimum retraction of false folds
occurs.
The Lungs and the Diaphragm
Breath is crucial to the fundamental workings of the voice.
Without breath there would be nothing to power the voice, or even to ensure
that the vibration of the vocal folds can be heard. The Thoracic Diaphragm is a
trampoline-like rainbow-shaped muscle stretched across the abdominal cavity,
separating the organs of the chest cavity from those in the lower abdominal
cavity. The movement of this muscle allows the lungs to expand and contract
during the process of breathing.
The commonly heard phrase “Singing from the diaphragm” means that by expanding
the abdomen during inhalation, increasing the rate of contraction in the diaphragm
and taking more air into the lungs, the singer is able to provide more power,
through increased breath support, and control through strengthening of the
diaphragm muscle. We will cover proper use of the diaphragm later on.
The Sinus Cavities
Sinus cavities are found within the bone structure of the
face, where they act as acoustic resonating chambers, adding higher frequencies
and increasing the brightness and vitality of the sound.
The Sinus cavities are spaces in the skull which have
various purposes such as airflow, drainage, etc.
Allowing the sound to come forward into the sinus cavities can help a student
with volume as well as make it easier to sing certain pitches and placements.
